PRIMARY MENINGOENCEPHALITIS CAUSED BY NAEGLERIA FOWLERI: A MINI REVIEW

Abstract

The recent outbreak of primary meningoencephalitis caused by free-living amoebae (FLA), Naegleria
fowleri, has gained increasing attention due to their confirmed fatality. It is caused by the entrance of
contaminated water into nasal passage mainly by ablution practices. The symptoms include severe headache,
nausea, vomiting along with fever finally leading to death. FLA other than N. fowleri such as Acanthamoeba
and Balamuthia species are also harmful because they are vectors of many bacterial pathogens including
Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Legionella, Enterobacter and Mycobacterium species which help them to feed and
colonize in environments, thus contributing to their pathogenesis and transferability to their hosts. Pakistan,
being an underdeveloped country, faces long-term shortfalls of electricity resulting in serious water scarcity
leading to public dependence on stored water resources, which are breeding hubs for FLA. The rationale
of the present review is to highlight the importance of N. fowleri and primary meningoencephalitis and
to investigate the recent outbreak in Pakistan.